# MineBuildr Minecraft reference: formulas, tables and mechanics

> Exact numbers behind MineBuildr's free calculators. Java Edition 1.21 unless noted. Source: https://minebuildr.com/md/reference.md

## Redstone timing
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/redstone-clock-calculator

- 1 second = 20 game ticks = 10 redstone ticks. 1 redstone tick = 2 game ticks = 0.1 s.
- A repeater adds 1 to 4 redstone ticks (0.1 to 0.4 s) depending on its setting.
- Repeater chain delay (s) = repeaters x ticks per repeater x 0.1. Example: 4 repeaters at 4 ticks = 1.6 s.
- A hopper moves one item every 8 game ticks (0.4 s).
- Hopper clock half-cycle (s) = items x 0.4; full period = 2 x items x 0.4. Example: 20 items = 8 s per side, 16 s full cycle.

| Component | Delay |
|---|---|
| Redstone torch | 1 redstone tick (0.1 s) |
| Repeater | 1 to 4 redstone ticks |
| Comparator | 1 redstone tick |
| Observer pulse | 1 redstone tick |
| Hopper item transfer | 8 game ticks (0.4 s) |

## Mob farm drops (per kill, no Looting)
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/mob-farm-loot-calculator

| Mob | Drops | XP |
|---|---|---|
| Zombie | 0 to 2 rotten flesh | 5 |
| Skeleton | 0 to 2 bones, 0 to 2 arrows | 5 |
| Creeper | 0 to 2 gunpowder | 5 |
| Spider | 0 to 2 string, spider eye (player kill) | 5 |
| Enderman | 0 to 1 ender pearl | 5 |
| Blaze | 0 to 1 blaze rod (player kill) | 10 |
| Iron golem | 3 to 5 iron ingots, 0 to 2 poppies | 0 |

- Each Looting level raises the maximum of most common drops by 1 (about +0.5 average per level). Iron golem drops are not affected.
- Mobs drop XP and rare drops only when killed by a player or tamed wolf within the last 5 seconds.

## Bundle capacity
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/bundle-planner

- A bundle holds 64 units total.
- Items that stack to 64 use 1 unit each; items that stack to 16 (ender pearls, eggs, snowballs, signs) use 4 units; unstackable items use all 64.
- A bundle nested inside a bundle uses 4 units plus its contents.
- Recipe (1.21.2+): 1 string above 1 leather. Dyeing gives 16 colored variants.

## Enchantment conflicts
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/enchantment-matrix

| Item | Mutually exclusive |
|---|---|
| Sword/axe | Sharpness, Smite, Bane of Arthropods |
| Armor | Protection, Fire Protection, Blast Protection, Projectile Protection |
| Boots | Depth Strider, Frost Walker |
| Bow | Infinity, Mending (Java; compatible in Bedrock) |
| Crossbow | Multishot, Piercing |
| Trident | Riptide conflicts with Loyalty and Channeling (Loyalty + Channeling is allowed) |
| Tools | Silk Touch, Fortune |
| Mace | Density, Breach, Smite, Bane of Arthropods |

## Villager professions and job blocks
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/villager-career-tree

| Profession | Job block |
|---|---|
| Armorer | Blast furnace |
| Butcher | Smoker |
| Cartographer | Cartography table |
| Cleric | Brewing stand |
| Farmer | Composter |
| Fisherman | Barrel |
| Fletcher | Fletching table |
| Leatherworker | Cauldron |
| Librarian | Lectern |
| Mason | Stonecutter |
| Shepherd | Loom |
| Toolsmith | Smithing table |
| Weaponsmith | Grindstone |

Trade levels: Novice, Apprentice, Journeyman, Expert, Master. A villager's profession locks after its first trade.

## Sponge schematic (.schem) v2 format
Tool: https://minebuildr.com/tools/schematic-viewer

- Gzipped NBT, root compound "Schematic", Version = 2.
- Width, Height, Length (shorts) give dimensions on X, Y, Z.
- Palette maps block state strings (for example minecraft:oak_planks) to integer ids; PaletteMax is the count.
- BlockData is a byte array of varint palette ids ordered by index = x + z x Width + y x Width x Length.
- Optional: Offset, BlockEntities, Metadata, DataVersion.

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